Stephen Krashen is associated with which theory, including Monitor Theory, and posits no fundamental difference in how languages are learned, with learning relying on external stimuli?

• A. Noam Chomsky
• B. Stephen Krashen
• C. B. F. Skinner
• D. Jean Piaget

Answer: (B)

This item is about identifying who developed the Monitor Theory as part of a larger framework for how languages are learned. Stephen Krashen is the theorist behind the Monitor Theory (the Monitor Model). His ideas emphasize that language development comes from an unconscious process called acquisition, guided by comprehensible input—language that learners can understand even if they don’t yet know all the rules. He also distinguishes acquisition from learning (the conscious knowledge of grammar rules) and describes a monitor that can edit output under certain conditions. Importantly, Krashen argues that learning relies on exposure to meaningful input rather than being driven by external reinforcement or stimuli, which is different from behaviorist views. So the best answer is Stephen Krashen.